I. Multiple Choice-pick best answer
1. Rabies and Leptospirosis are
 A Bacterial diseases
 B Viral and bacterial diseases
 C Zoonoses
 D B and C

2. The prokaryote cell is unlike the eukaryote cell in usually  having
 A. 70s ribosomes and circular DNA 
 B. Double- stranded DNA and a similar genetic code
 C. Linear DNA, 80S ribosomes and no histones
 D. Circular DNA ,70s ribosomes and over 50% nonsense DNA

3. Classic opportunists do include
 A Candia spp
 B. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Clostridium difficle
 C. Cow pox
 D. A and B

4. Fungi as a group can have the following 
A. Chitin ,ergosterol in plasma membrane, hyphae, spores ,extracellular enzymes , including chitinase, ligninase and cellulase
B. Hyphae , mycelium, buds, ergosterol , chitin, cytoskeletons, nuclei, dikaryons, plasmids
C. Ergosterol ,chitin , asexual spores, sexual spores, buds, 80s ribosomes, dikaryons
D. All of the above

5.Synercid could best be described as
A. An agonistic combination of two newer antibiotics
B. An antibiotic that is usually used in treating urinary tract infections
C. An antibiotic that interferes folic acid synthesis in bacteria
D. All of the above

6. Leeuwenhoek was known for
A.First to see bacteria
B. Pond water drawings of 1676
C. Father of microbiology
D All of the above

7. Paul Ehrlich is called the father of chemotherapy partially because of
A. Salvarsan
B\Theories of immunity
C. His treatment for syphylis
D. A and C

8. The firmicutes include
A. Mycobacteria
B. Staphylococcus spp and Clostridia spp.
C. Pseudomonas spp
D A and B

9. PEA agar could be used in partially determining
A. Presence of acid fast bacteria
B. Presence of Bacillus
C. Presence of gram positive bacteria
D B and C

10. The following probably would not grow in EMB agar 
A. Pseudomonas spp.
B. Staphylococcus aureus
C. E. Coli
D.All of the above

11.The normal microbiota of the mouth could include
A. Pophyromonas spp
B. Prevotella spp. 
C. Steptococcus mutans
D All of the above

12. The diphtheria antitoxin can be categorized as
A. An example of lysogenic conversion
B. A protein-inhibiting toxin
C. an AB toxin
D. All of the above

13. The natural killer cells help defend the body by killing altered self and cancer cells with
A.  NO
B.  Lysozyme
C.  Granzymes
D.  All of the above

14. Treatments for disseminated cysticercosis could include
A. IV Bactrim
B. Amphotericin B
C. Albendazole
D A and B

15. Nitrogen fixing organisms include
A. Azotomonas
B. Rhizobium
C. Cyanobacteria
D. All of the above

16. The highest infective dose is found in
A. 50 some skin diseases, like anthrax
B. 1 in Rhinoviridae
C. I in some parasite eggs
D. Vibrio cholerae

17. Examples of animal parasitism would include
A Echinococcus granulosus
B. Ascaris lumbricoides
C Sarcoptes scabeii
D. All of the above

18. Examples of an anaerobic gram positive endospore producing bacteria include
A. Clostridum tetani 
B. Bacillus anthracis
C. Bacillus megatherium
D. B and C

19. The following are not acid fast
A. Mycoplasma spp.                                                
B. Causative agent dengue
C. Causative agent of Buruli ulcer
D. All of the above

20. Signs of chronic Lyme disease could include
A. Flu-like symptoms
B. Diarrhea
C. Neuropathy
D Bull-eye rash

21. The following are respiratory diseases
A. Paragonimiasis 
B. Bubonic plague
C Pulmonary anthrax
D.A and C

22. The following are ways that gram positive  bacteria can exchange genetic information
A. Conjugation
B. sticky coat
C. Sex pili
D. A and B

23. The following is true about protozoal DNA
A. It is double stranded and is linear with histone proteins
B. It is double stranded, is found in nucleus and usually has less than 10,000 genes
C. It is usually double stranded, does not usually have histones and is found in the nucleus
D. A and B

24. The best medium for growing fungi would be
A. Sabauroud’s 
B. EMB
C. Mackonkey’s agar
D. B and C

25 Retroviruses may have at some time the following:
A. RNA , envelopes, reverse transcriptase, proteases, DNA, capsids, tRNAs of host
B. Capsids, RNA, DNA, glycoprotein spikes, envelopes
C. Genetic material, envelopes, capsids, reverse transcriptase, porins, 
D. a and B

II. True or False 
1. There are at present vaccines for Haemophilus influnezae, anthrax, yellow fever, cholera, hep B , plague, small pox ,bacterial menigitis, typhoid , and measles 
2. Bacillus anthracis is a gram positive ,anerobic, endospore producing rod- shaped bacterium that is highly pathogenic
3. Anopheles spp. are vectors for yellow fever, dengue, elephantiasis, and Zika 
4. The prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis presently is about 2 billion people
5. Enterobiasis presently afflicts about 200 million people and the parasite is called the hook worm
6. Peptidoglycan is found in the archea and in some bacteria like mycoplasms and Chlamydias
7. Penicillin and its semisynthetic derivatives like ampicillin, interfere with cross bridges of peptidoglycan are thus are bacteriostatic and bactericidal
8. Dengue is a disease carried by mosquitoes and can cause encephalitis, meningitis, meningoencephalitis, especially in elderly it also has greatly impacted most bird populations in many areas of eastern North America
9. Malaria is probably the greatest microbial disease in the history of the human race do to its mortality rate and steady prevalence over millenia
10. E. coli forms black to metallic green colonies on EMB agar
11.Elephantiasis can be a complication of infection with microfilarial worms in the genus Wuchereria and Brugia, although it can have genetic or environmental causes
12. Ebola is killing lowland gorillas at an alarming rate, and is still a danger to the human race
13. Hanta virus and Lassa fever are associated with bird droppings
14. Rubeola is one of the TORCH diseases
15. Hilleman is considered the most prolific vaccine developer in history.
16. Rhizospirilum bacteria form a symbiotic relationship with lupines and other legumes
17. Schistosoma haematobium lives in veins that drain the large intestine
18. Phagocytosis does occur in prokaryotes as far as we know.
19. Prions are usually destroyed by autoclaving and most disinfectants
20. GSS, Kuru, mad cow, Creuztfelt Jakob, scrapie, chromic wasting  diseases and fatal familial insomnia are prion diseases
21. Antibiotics are often made in the lag phase of growth of bacteria.
22. The prodromal period corresponds to the early lag phase of growth in bacteria
23. Heat shock, electroporation . and calcium salts are used to help bacteria take up foreign DNA
24. The autoclave parameters are 121 degrees C , 15psi at 15 minutes and can not be altered
25. Mycobacteria are usually harder to kill than negative positive bacteria on environmental surfaces
26. A bacterial endospore has proteins , calcium ,keratin dipicholinic acid and almost no water and a mini-cell about .1 microns in diameter.
27. The following could occur in bacterial plasmids : resistance genes and genes for toxin production
28. Several known viruses like, the Mimivirus, and Pandora virus have more genes than Mycoplasms
29 RNA polymerase of bacteria does have proof reading ability, not equal to DNA polymerase, however RNA polymerases of many viruses can not proof read-thus these viruses usually mutate more than DNA viruses.
30. The outer membrane of gram negative bacteria has highly antigenic lipid A which can cause a septic shock that kills hundreds of thousands of people in US every year
31. The capsule of bacteria is not always made of carbohydrates.
32. Axial filaments are found in Borrelia , and Treponema, Brucella, Nocardia and Leptospira species
33. Cyanobacteria, today, are usually oxygenic phototrophs many of which can fix atmospheric nitrogen
34. T even bacteriophages do not need to undergo uncoating in host cell because of their injection mechanism
35 Phage therapy has been tried before, at least twice, D”Herrelle and the Russians and still being used in Russia.
36  St Vitus’s dance is a sequela to streptococcal infections that temporarily damages the basal ganglia
37. Mycobacterium avium may live in your shower curtain and can cause serious disease in the HIV patient
38 Bartonella bacillliformis was main reason for increasing the original temperature for pasteurizing milk
39. Candida is an opportunistic dimorphic bacterium and can cause both oral, skin and intestinal infections
40. Marburg, Ebola , Hanta virus, Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, and Lassa fever are not vector borne diseases
41. Isoniazid , pyrazinamide, streptomycin, ethambutol would probably be effective in treating TB if used in combinations and for a prolonged period of time
42. Dengue fever, Plasmodium spp, West Nile, Chichungunya, and yellow fever are carried by Aedes spp
43.Cat scratch fever is often mild to moderate disease, but can be very serious , especially in children , there are about 125,000 of cases every year in US
44. Water and moist soil are reservoirs for the hookworms, Necator americanus ,Ancylostoma duodenale , also Strongyloides stercoralis and Trichiuris spp
45. Amphotericin B is an example of selective toxicity
46. Metronidazole can be used for Entamoeba histolytica and Clostridium difficle , and Giardia, although tinidazole may be a better choice in some cases.  
47. Disinfectants and antiseptics are not designed to eliminate microbial populations on surfaces.
48. Pasteur may deserve credit for saving the French wine, chicken, and silk industry.
49. Koch tried to make a vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and ended up with what would become the tuberculin test
50. Biofilms can occur in medical tubing, the middle ear, and on your teeth and greatly increase the resistance of the inhabitants to disinfectants and antiseptics.
51. The following  have capsules: Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae, Cryptococcus neoformans , Yersinia pestis , Bacillus anthracis
52. The most common mode of action of antifungals is interfering with ergosterol synthesis  
53. Ethambutol and INH have amongst the narrowest spectrums of activities know, because they interfere with mycolic acid synthesis.
54. Clotrimazole, capsofungin, voriconazole, amphotericin B, biaxin griseofulvin, metronidazole, miconazole, ketoconazole, Lotrimin, and tolnaftate are antifungals
55. Niclosamide might be prescribed for tapeworm parasitism, although albendazole could also be prescibed
56. H1N1 and H2N2 flu have occurred in the human race before,  
57. White biotechnology has used Agrobacterium tumefaciens and electron guns to insert genes into plants
58. An effective vaccine for Syphilis has not yet been produced .
59. A killed vaccine is able to multiply in host and may cause the disease as well as give it to others
60. Albert Sabin made an inactivated viral vaccine for polio
61. Salk made an attenuated  vaccine for polio-the oral polio vaccine
62. Pasteur directed Petri to find a way of eliminating microbes and their endospores.
63. The Hinton test for syphilis was a complement fixation test
64  Western blotting is a way of comparing similarities in antigens between two organisms.
65. Electrophoresis can be used to separate RNA fragments in a sample.
66. Coccidioidomycosis is concentrated in SE US, but has a relatively low mortality rate
67. Dinoflagellates , like Karenia spp as wall as a number of other genera like Noctiluca, can cause red tide and paralytic shellfish poisoning
68. Virusoids are parasites of plants, exclusively
69. Transposons, are motile genetic elements and occur in most organisms, including bacteria
70. DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase can only move in the 5 prime to 3 prime direction, using the 3 to 5 prime DNA or RNA as a template strand
71. Exotoxins are heat stabile and usually lipopolysaccharides.
72. Diphtheria toxin is an example of an endotoxin created by lysogenic conversion .
73. Powassan fever, Babesiosis , and Anaplasmosis are carried by Ixodes species of tick
74. Double- stranded DNA is found in the Reoviridae, which includes the Rota virus- a major cause of infant diarrhea
75. Some viruses have double stranded RNA, such as the Reoviridae

III .NAME THE CAUSATIVE AGENT pick 20
1. glanders
2. blackwater fever
3 Shingles     
4. Small pox
5. Spanish flu
6. PAM
7. Trachoma
8,  Syphilis
9.  Rabbit fever
10. boils
11. Measles
12. Puerperal sepsis
13. Tuberculosis
14. Cervical cancer
15.Pericarditis
16. Q fever
17. Diphtheria
18. Lyme disease
19. Tetanus
20  Rabies
21. Toxic shock syndrome 
22. Mumps
23. Amebic dysentery
24. Bacillary dysentery
25. Typhoid fever
26. Epidemic typhus
27. Desert fever
28. chicken pox
29. Visceral leishmaniasis
30 ”walking pneumonia”

IV NAME THE DISEASE pick 20
1. Rickettsia rickettsiae
2. Salmonella typhimurium
3. Variola major
4. H1N1
5. Borrelia burgdoferi
6. E. coli O157 H7
7. Entamoeba histolytica
8 Treponema  pallidum
9. Herpes zoster
10. Coronavirdiae 
11. Streptococcus  pyogenes
12. Staphylococcus aureus
13. Aedes spp.
14. Glossina spp
15. Phelbotoumus spp
16. Leismania tropica
17  Oriental rat flea
18. Campylobacter jejeuni
19. Neisseria meningitidis
20. Myoplamsma pneumoniae
21. Anisakis  spp.
22. Corynebacterium diphtheriae
23. Deer tick, Ixodes scapularis
25. Coxiella burnetii
26. Coxsackie viruses
27. Rubeola
28. Franciscella tularensis
29. Leishmania tropca
30. Bartonella henselae

VI. DIAGNOSE THE DISEASE:  Trichiuris trichiura ,Haemophilus influenzae ,Histoplasma capsulatum, Helicobacter, Anaplasmosis ,  schistosomiasis  Staphylococcus aureus food poisoning , bubonic plague, shingles, tinea capitis, Lyme disease, malaria, Rocky mountain spotted fever, hookworm, smallpox, Trypanasoma  cruzi, , Loa loa, neurocysticercosis. Klebsiella pneumoniae,, tinea cruris, tinea capitis, post polio syndrome ,  pneumonic plague, RSV, river blindness, Bartonella henselae, Borrelia recurrentis, Coxiella burnetti, Mycobaterium bovis, HIV, Treponema pertenue, Treponema carateum ,Zika virus, Powssan fever, Cave disease

1.Patient suffers from skin disease in tropics, name resembles one of Columbus’ ships.
2. Patient  suffers high fever and malaise after drinking raw milk
3. Patient from South American country has heart disease- many years before recalls  suffering swollen eye when living in a shack like house, infested with blood sucking bugs.
4. Patient from Equatorial Africa has hemolytic disease, chills, fever of 104, splenomegaly.
5. Patient  from Central Africa exhibit’s several small coiled worms in cornea, causing cloudiness and necessitating a corneal  transplant.
6. Patient from rural southern US exhibits , lethargy, iron deficiency anemia and a desire to eat clay. Reports a habit of walking barefoot.
7. Patient who had polio in 50s is now suffering paralysis.
8. Elderly patient presents with unilateral vesicular lesions , later followed by extreme neuralgia that last for months.
9. Patient in western  US, presents with greatly  enlarged cervical lymph nodes, fever, extreme prostration, numerous petechiae, causing a blackening of skin. Reports being an avid rock collector. 
10. Patient presents with bladder-like lesions in eye, reports returning form Spain, likes pork.d
11 Patient exhibits vomiting and diarrhea, no fever , several hours after eating ham salad sandwich.
12. Patient has bluish rash high fever lives in Appalachia  and reports being bitten by a tick.
13 Young present presents with fever, swollen lymph nodes and scratches
14, Patient returning from a trip to South America presents with ascites,  inflamed intestine , lethargy, remembers having a sore foot a month or so before.
15. Patient in India presents with high fever, swollen  extremely lymph glands , nausea, cough, pneumonia like symptoms and dies after a few days.
16. Child from NY city has  with severe pneumonia due to virus and does not survive.
17. Inflammed and painful bones  experienced by patient after drinking  unpasteurized  milk.
18 Patient complains of fever that goes away only to reappear later, has recent history of lice
19 Patient complains of having large lumps on skin and is blind
20 Patient is quite ill after a deer tick bit but does not test positive for Lyme disease, has bacteria in WBCs
21 Patient has gas, bloating , gastric pain, vomiting, nausea and blood in feces.
22 Patient in 1960 dies of bacterial pneumonia following the flu
23 Patient in tropical America is diagnosed with Yaws.
24. Patient has persistent diarrhea, and has a helper T cell count below 200 per ul.
25. Patient from Cuba gives birth to a microcephalus child.
26. Patient on Cape Cod bitten by deer tick, one week later has high fever which is not amenable to antibiotics
27 Patient suffer respiratory distress and tubercle formation in lungs , is a frequent visitor to caves.